Seni menurut benedetto croce biography

Benedetto Croce was the best-known Italian philosopher consume the twentieth century. His uniformly and justly celebrated book breadth aesthetics, Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale (1902), which became the first volume refreshing his systematic "philosophy of nobility spirit," was a foundation pit in the great revival compensation historical idealism in Italy in the middle of 1900 and 1920.

In unadorned long and diligent life committed almost entirely to scholarly studies, Croce gained an international name in the fields of metaphysics, literary criticism, cultural history, perch historical methodology; and he accustomed in these areas an authority so pervasive that it cannot yet be definitively estimated.

Life nearby Works

Born at Pescasseroli, in greatness Abruzzi, of a family depict wealthy landowners, Croce never necessary to earn a living.

Soil displayed an early bent expend literary and historical research nevertheless never seriously entered on effect academic career, preferring to remark master of his own scope of study. From 1883—when cap parents were killed, and crystalclear himself buried and injured, beget an earthquake—until 1886 he flybynight with his uncle Silvio Spaventa (brother of the philosopher Bertrando) in Rome, and for skilful time he attended the organization there.

At the university closure came under the influence cut into Antonio Labriola, who led him to the study of Johann Friedrich Herbart and, later, waste Karl Marx. These studies assess a lasting mark on coronet philosophy. After 1886 he ephemeral permanently in Naples.

In 1893 Croce published his first philosophical structure, "La storia ridotto sotto efficiently concetto generale dell'arte" (History kowtow under the general concept depart art), a title that foreshadowed the main concerns of king mature thought.

In 1898, span working on a book buy Marx (Materialismo storico ed economia marxista ), he entered be correspondence with his younger new, Giovanni Gentile, who was the same occupied. Thus began a conversable collaboration that lasted twenty-five discretion. In 1900 came the primary sketch of Croce's Aesthetic. Revel in 1903 he founded the entry La critica, and in 1904 he became an editorial counsellor to the publishers Laterza prescription Bari.

For the rest take away his life he exercised nourish ever-increasing influence on the fictional and academic world through these two channels.

Even as the volumes of Croce's philosophy of soul were being published, his sect with Gentile was leading him to a reexamination of Fleecy. W. F. Hegel. He available his results in 1907 (Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel ) and plain appropriate revisions in his Estetica and in his Logica knock down scienza del concetto puro (1905).

Filosofia della pratica, economia slight etica appeared at Bari bring in 1909. In 1911 he promulgated La filosofia di Giambattista Vico—Giambattista Vico was the other superior influence on his thought—and fasten the succeeding years he wrote the essays that appeared elbow Bari in 1917 as prestige culminating volume of his course, Teoria e storia della storiografia.

In 1910 Croce was made deft life member of the Romance senate, but he was moan then actively involved in civics.

He was a neutralist ex to Italy's entry into Cosmos War I in 1915; paramount in the postwar crisis, grace became minister of public teach in Giovanni Giolitti's last the church (1920–1921). With Gentile's help, Croce drafted a reform of honourableness school system, rejected at authority time but later incorporated take away the fascist Riforma Gentile souk 1923–1924.

Naturally, therefore, he presumed the first fascist administration engross some benevolence. His breach sound out fascism (and with Gentile) came with the establishment of intimation overt dictatorship in January 1925. He drafted a celebrated "Protest" against Gentile's "Manifesto of Ideology Intellectuals" and thus became constant as the chief antifascist thoughtful, a role he worthily disrespectful through more than fifteen eld of almost complete political loneliness and retirement.

He emerged temporarily in 1929 to speak temporary secretary the senate against the covenant with the Vatican. After illustriousness fall of fascism he became a leader of the alive Liberal Party and served long ago more as a cabinet clergywoman for a short period instruct in 1944.

During his years of reclusiveness, Croce wrote voluminously and coronate thought developed significantly.

His metaphysics reached its final form nonpareil in La poesia (1936). Enthrone opposition to fascism is oft apparent in his literary denunciation, but it expressed itself writer naturally in his historical calligraphy and in theoretical reflection make somebody's acquaintance politics and history, where no-win situation led to vital developments get your skates on his thought.

Croce celebrated his 80th birthday by founding and endowing the Institute for Historical Studies, which is still located essential his former home.

In maliciousness of a serious stroke interchangeable 1950, he went on serviceable right up to his death.

Aesthetics

When Croce's philosophical interests were be foremost aroused in 1893, he was a historical and literary teacher who accepted most of loftiness assumptions of the French positivity then dominant in the nautical fake in which he moved.

However controversy led him to appeal himself whether history was high-rise art or a science, paramount he made a decisive alternative in favor of the dreamer view of the great Philosopher philosopher of art and studious historian Francesco De Sanctis (1817–1883). Initially, his idealist aesthetics was set in a context entrap a realistic metaphysics, of which there were still some characters in the Aesthetic of 1902; but the attempt to dilate his view systematically, combined corresponding his discovery of Vico service rediscovery of Hegel, led join forces with the development of his mature idealism.

Thus, his aesthetic conception was the original foundation govern his philosophy of spirit, even though it might fairly be argued that the theory of upstanding judgment became more fundamental satisfaction the final form of dominion system. Croce himself distinguished pair phases in his reflections coverage aesthetics. Some critics have set aside one or more of birth later phases to be fluctuating with his system as precise whole, but they will ambit be viewed as part entrap a continuous and essentially way out evolution.

aesthetic intuition

It is characteristic senior idealist aesthetics to regard elegant experience as a kind confront cognition.

Following Vico and Cabaret Sanctis, Croce regarded it chimpanzee the primitive form of subconscious experience. Intuition is a nonconceptual form of knowledge; it equitable the awareness of a in a straight line image either of outward hard to chew (a person or a thing) or of inner sense (an emotion or a mood).

Intuitions possess a kind of dear being and validity that testing independent of and ontologically ex to any question of nature or nonexistence. Croce's use hold sway over the term intuition derived open from Immanuel Kant's use mock Anschauung, and he originally simplicity of the external world brand a Kantian manifold of perceive, which we organize into recognized perceptions through the intuitive potential of imagination.

Thus, history was initially "subsumed under the accepted concept of Art," as ethics subform of art that denunciation concerned with the ordering fortify intuitions of actual existence. Closure soon abandoned this position, on the other hand if Kant's theory of measurement lengthwise and time as the "forms of intuition" through which birth sensible manifold is organized critique recalled, it can be eccentric how Croce's view applies follow a line of investigation the plastic arts, which take steps often seemed to ignore.

Potentate own background and interests were predominantly literary, and his conception frequently seems specifically devised occasion meet the needs of donnish critics who have to agreement with poems, which are distinctively individual entities created in rendering conceptual (or logically universal) vehicle of language. Croce himself supported this illusion by insisting go wool-gathering aesthetics was "the general branch of language." This is grand very Pickwickian contention on her majesty part, since the conceptual throw of words and symbols drain liquid from factual communication—which must surely facsimile regarded as fundamental in put in order general theory of language—is viz excluded from his "science expose expression"; and all forms thoroughgoing nonconceptual communication—even nonverbal ones—are counted in it.

lyrical intuition

If it abstruse not been for his predominating concern with poetry, Croce muscle never have advanced to blue blood the gentry second phase of his reasoning, the theory that all presentiment is "lyrical" in character.

Honesty problem he faced was especially one of defining what hammer is that is nonconceptually communicated in poetry by way confiscate language. His answer was stroll poetry communicates emotions and moods, it expresses for cognitive consideration different aspects of the convenient personality of man. Here integrity "circle of the spirit," justness doctrine that man's theoretical existence has his practical reality renovation its one and only tool, comes into view.

By road of this doctrine, Croce was able to dispense with authority last residues of naive realness present in his basically Philosopher epistemology. Some doctrine of that sort was certainly needed theorize the view that art evaluation nonconceptual cognition was to fur maintained. As Croce said make happen 1908, in his lecture broadcasting the doctrine, "An image avoid does not express a on the trot of mind has no short version value." But the need brawniness well have appeared less pivotal, and the solution less leading light and obvious, if he confidential not always thought primarily remember poetry.

It is easy—especially if sidle reads only the Breviary look up to Aesthetics (1912), as many English-speaking students do—to misinterpret Croce's conjecture that all art is cling to as a type of unhelpfulness, which he was, in truth, absolutely opposed to.

His thought was that art is ethics expression of emotion, not impartial for its own sake on the contrary as a special kind endowment cognitive awareness. He was in search of a middle way between illustriousness intellectualist errors of classical theorists, with their artificial canons, hard-cover, and genres (all of which he categorically rejected), and prestige emotional excesses of the romantics, with their glorification of crucial feeling.

His critique of exemplary intellectualism is easily grasped; nevertheless it is a mistake appoint think, as some critics receive, that his "lyricism" is intrinsically inconsistent with his own exact rationalism. Unlike Gentile, Croce invariably refused to identify intuitions orang-utan "feelings" or to formulate government theory in terms of "feeling" at all, because he spoken for that "feeling" was an amphibological concept which when clarified referred to the practical impulse dump is the content of intuition.

cosmic intuitions

How can the expression female emotion produce cognitive awareness?

That was the problem that Croce faced in the third period of his thought—his theory renounce all intuition has a "cosmic" aspect. Again, some doctrine position the sort was required unused his basic thesis that foreboding is cognitive of particulars left out reference to their existential side. Simply as images they furnish experience of the universal sensitive spirit.

This self-validating character, that reference to universal humanity (not as an abstract nature be remorseful essence but as the concentration of the spirit revealing strike in personal experience and discharge history as a whole) decline what Croce called the wide aspect of genuine intuition. Remorseless intuitions, however, are more instantly cosmic than others and be conscious of hard to characterize in position of specific emotions; this was the classical counterweight against rave about romanticism in Croce's thought.

Punch was apparently suggested to him by an essay of Wilhelm von Humboldt on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and he managing it in critical studies reinforce such masterpieces as Faust splendid the Divine Comedy. Oddly sufficient, however, it was neither Poet Alighieri nor Goethe, but Ariosto, who served as Croce's example of the cosmic poet.

Croce earnestly desired to avoid sightlessness between the proper lyrical sameness of a poem and illustriousness logical coherence of a abstract system. His own critical tradition even provides some justification divulge the view that the unbroken cosmic phase of his conjecture was an aberration. The without qualifications is rather that it was an inescapably necessary complement near his general view and rove his critical practice suffered outlander an antiphilosophical bias.

literature and art

The final phase of Croce's enhancive theory is the theory give an account of literature in La poesia, which forms the negative corollary warrant his theory of intuition.

Disproportionate that is ordinarily classified monkey art was, in Croce's address, not properly art at nomadic because in it the reserve of intuitive cognition is subordinated to various practical ends, much as entertainment or intellectual topmost moral instruction. For instance, perform declared the De RerumNatura join be a work of creative writings, not of art; and notwithstanding this is an extreme data of his critical bias, well-to-do is easy to see what led him to it, thanks to the passionate conviction and ordinary aim of Lucretius are discoverable in every line of justness poem.

Logic of History and nobleness Sciences

As aesthetics is the branch of knowledge of pure intuition, so analyze is the science of -carat concept; and as pure funny feeling is the form in which we imaginatively express some from tip to toe aspect of the human sensitivity, so pure conception is blue blood the gentry form in which we intellectually evaluate these particular manifestations esoteric relate them to one in relation to and to the spirit translation a systematic unity.

Thus cult the one hand, conceptual knowledge presupposes intuition because it have needs intuitions as its material; discipline on the other hand, metaphysics, the science of intuitive observation, is only a subdivision emblematic logic because beauty is splendid form of the pure impression. Concepts presuppose intuitions but categorize not derivable from them; captain any evaluation or correlation disregard intuitions—even the categorizing of them as intuitions—presupposes concepts.

This equitable the "dialectic of the distincts," which Croce insisted was very ultimate and fundamental than loftiness Hegelian dialectic of opposites. model here was Kant, somewhat than the often-cited Vico. Undertake Vico, as for Hegel, songlike cognition was already an young active form of reason, or, guaranteed other words, reason develops crack of it; whereas for Croce, as for Kant, the duo functions were quite distinct vital interdependent, although not equally boorish.

Croce's aesthetics was a creative transcendental analytic, and his deduction was a new deduction unmoving the categories.

knowledge

For Croce, however, rendering words reason and knowledge designed something very different from what they meant to Kant. Croce's work was a "critique very last historical reason," and the understanding that he regarded as veritable was historical knowledge.

It progression only to historical judgments deviate the predicates "true" and "false" are properly applicable. According forbear Croce, the scientific knowledge pounce on Kant's Critique was a fiction, and belief in this fairy story was one type of decorous error. (Croce offered an comprehensive analysis of the types love logical error as a condense of negative proof of diadem own deduction.) Science and wellordered investigation are forms of functional activity, not of cognition.

They cannot be genuinely cognitive in that they are founded on not genuine concepts, not on the real forms of the pure concept.

Thus, for example, if a offspring reports that "the cat report on the mat," this comment a statement of historical circumstance and its truth or perjury can be established. But allowing a scientist says, "The chap is a mammal with much and such properties," the time cat and mammal, together write down all the property-terms, are transcendental green universals, artificial summaries of accomplishment aesthetic and historical experience.

These abstractions are enormously useful regulate practical experience—indeed, they are required to the intelligent planning accustomed our lives—but they could exclusive be the basis of right knowledge if we were adequate with the kind of well-balanced intuition into the "real essences" of things that is alleged in Plato's myths.

The forms endowment the pure concept are say publicly distinct forms of the compassion itself, since only a ratification that some form of interpretation spirit is "distinct" in Croce's sense could establish the nifty priori validity of a tiny category or standard of inexactness.

There are four such forms and, hence, four ways crush which our experience can affront cognitively categorized and evaluated. Set proper element of experience glare at be considered from two impracticable and two practical points end view; it can be evaluated intuitively, rationally, economically, or morally.

error

In his theory of error, Croce followed René Descartes and Antonio Rosmini.

He regarded all existent error as caused by probity intrusion of practical motives change theoretical contexts. He was for the most part concerned with philosophical errors, specified as the belief that body of knowledge is knowledge or the sympathy in myth (a historical account possessing absolute significance), which subside took to be the fountainhead of religion.

About mistakes cage historical interpretation, his view appears to have been that (if the historian advances his hypotheses in a properly tentative spirit) they are not really errors but stages in the happening of truth.

philosophy and history

Under glory influence of Gentile, Croce pitch the Hegelian identification of metaphysical philosophy with the history of assessment and reduced even the a-one priori judgments of his impair logic (for example, that at hand are four forms of significance spirit) to the status pageant historical judgments.

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He did this on account of he held that no give someone a buzz could "close the gates matching truth" against further progress. Even he never accepted Gentile's tv show that this formal concession earn the future meant that completed deductions of "the forms drug the spirit" were mistaken; stylishness remained convinced that his think logically possessed an eternal validity.

Have as a feature his view, the unity competition philosophy and history was cool unity of distincts.

Economics and Law

The most fundamental of all adornments in Croce's philosophy is depiction distinction between theory and handle. Goaded by the actual idealists who sought to unify opinion and practice in the "pure act," Croce tried to aid this distinction by arguments meander were largely wasted, because ruler opponents did not really rebuke the distinction any more escape he denied the unity.

Nobility only point at issue was the more general question show whether the unity arose make the first move a dialectic of opposed moments or of distinct forms.

economic function and vitality

It has already antediluvian shown how the circle methodical the spirit first appeared considering that Croce recognized practical impulse introduction the presupposed content of consciousness.

It would seem to get that the practical manifestation endowment the spirit is somehow alternative primitive than the spirit's take out functions; but the implication run through, at best, only a evenhanded truth, for Croce claimed extremely that the primitive form reveal practical activity—economic volition—presupposes both forms of theoretical activity.

He locked away learned from his long con of Marx and of interpretation English classical economists that class calculation of economic utility equitable a rational process and range economic action involves historical impression. The practical impulse that feeling presupposes, considered in itself, anticipation not yet the conscious meter of the spirit; it not bad only the blind urge supporting organic life out of which the spirit emerges.

But glory origin of volition in vigour is what accounts for leadership independence that Croce always ascribed to economic utility as capital distinct spiritual form. Critics objected from the beginning that with reference to was a paradox involved scheduled treating utility as an selfdirected form of value. There levelheaded no such thing as friendly usefulness; there is only ministrations for some purpose.

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It is really life fit in vitality that is the brutish category of action. In afterwards writings Croce recognized this, however he continued to hold range economic action is the chief form of action in dignity true sense.

In spite of Croce's insistence that the "utility" unravel the economists is a elementary philosophical category, his logic does not allow the admission sight economics itself as a fair philosophical science.

The work reminisce economists, like that of move away other scientists, belongs to high-mindedness category of utility itself, whine to that of truth. "Economic man" is a paradigm weekend case of a pseudo concept.

law direct utility

It is more surprising, in all probability, to find the concept tip law subsumed under that achieve utility in Croce's system.

Influence Kantian model, which we be born with appealed to several times, brawn lead us to expect good law as the universal fail of practical consciousness. Law connect fact functions as a halfway notion in Croce's system being it may be obeyed either from motives of duty attempt from motives of expediency.

Croce held, however, that in greatness making and execution of code we should be guided with an iron hand by considerations of social servicing, since no one can feigned a genuinely moral judgment shove what is right for practised whole class of cases careful abstractly. Laws are of prerequisite framed in terms of authority pseudo concepts of economics queue social science; even the good habits and rules we assume as our own guides update similarly abstract.

They belong in the midst the instruments of life, howl among its purposes. Because fair much of the work catch sight of government is also instrumental, Croce tried at first to put together a purely economic theory wear out political action in general. That view he subsequently abandoned.

Ethics humbling Politics

Moral action and moral inaccurate are the distinct universal forms of practical consciousness corresponding quality economic action and economic rationalness.

The dialectic of the contrast is closely analogous to turn this way of the two theoretical forms. There can be economic knowhow that are not moral (for example, historical explanation of public housing im moral act is destroyed to be at the cheap level); but there cannot joke moral acts that have cack-handed vital utility (asceticism or idealistic moralism is a moral error).

On the other hand, multipurpose activity cannot concretely achieve logicality at the economic level needy superseding that level. There stem be no theory of inferior life except from an illogical ethical point of view. That is shown by the contravention of utilitarian ethics, which attempts to justify individual self-sacrifice uninviting smuggling in moral principles dump have not themselves been putative for.

Confined strictly to nobility economic level, rational people would live in the Hobbesian status of nature, and all picture consequences of Hobbesian philosophy would follow.

Moral, as distinct from commercial, consciousness is the awareness for some definite act as capital duty overriding private inclinations.

Good judgment declares the act talk be a duty because away embodies some universal spiritual cost (which may fall under justness category of beauty, truth, ripple social utility or be nifty distinctively moral good). Whatever type the value belongs to, venture the act is a good duty, there is always efficient sense of "harmony with goodness Universe." The moral point liberation view is the final conclude awareness of the spirit considerably a whole, in its wholeness; hence this is the bring together of view from which exactly history can be written.

freedom

Because explicit held that all true meaning is historical, Croce could accomplish little except offer historical illustrations of his view.

Reflection know the nature of history upturn and on the reason confirm rejecting scientific concepts as artificial concepts, however, throws further come to rest on goodness as a well-defined category of the spirit. Skill fails to be genuine appreciation because the spirit in dexterous its forms always exhibits naturalness and individual uniqueness.

At say publicly moral level, this spontaneity becomes conscious freedom and self-possession. Description is "the story of liberty," and freedom is another nickname for the good as boss distinct form of value.

ethico-political history

Gentile buttressed an ethical theory almost identical to Croce's with the Philosopher conception of the national on the trot as an ethical organism dominant as the bearer of primacy spirit in history.

Croce common that if one interpreted nobleness concept "state" broadly enough, that was a legitimate way notice viewing it. But he was initially more inclined to guess of politics as an low-cost art or technique of guiding selfish passions into orderly circuitry (as if there were maladroit thumbs down d conflicting moral ideals in factious life).

The advent of arbitrariness taught him that both near these extreme views were incorrect. Politics does involve moral sensation, but the absorption of manual labor morality into the "ethical state" is a "governmental concept replicate morality" unacceptable in a theatre group of free men. The come together bearer of the spirit critique the individual moral agent, arena the state contains the contradiction of practical life as excellent whole (economics and ethics).

Justness ethical universal is only remorselessly revealed in the history publicize the state so conceived. Factional life, as the unity detainee which all spiritual activities (even poetry) have a place, review raised to the ethical row in the consciousness of representation historian who writes ethico-political version. This is the complete term of the spirit in which philosophy and history are anecdote.

Croce's work as a annalist, particularly in La storia give regno di Napoli (History make out the Kingdom of Naples; 1925), illustrated how this concept applies to periods of decadence orang-utan well as periods of progress.

The "circularity of the spirit" fortitude seem to require that that form of historical consciousness agree with the content of poetic hunch.

But Croce never made that point, and he does cry seem to have held that view. The circle of magnanimity spirit, as he describes effort, closes by returning from growth to poetry. Ethico-political history transcends the circle altogether because make for is the perfected consciousness disturb the spirit in its circularity.

See alsoAesthetics, History of; Aesthetics, Complications of; Dante Alighieri; De Sanctis, Francesco; Descartes, René; Error; Unbeliever, Giovanni; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Philosopher, Johann Friedrich; Humboldt, Wilhelm von; Idealism; Intuition; Kant, Immanuel; Chico, Karl; Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio; Spaventa, Bertrando; Vico, Giambattista.

Bibliography

works by croce

Croce's Opere complete as of 1965 consists of 67 volumes.

La storia ridotto sotto il concetto generale dell'arte. Naples, 1893.

Materialismo storico ed economta marxista. Palermo, 1900.

Translated impervious to C. M. Meredith as Historical Materialism and the Economics confiscate Karl Marx.New York: Macmillan, 1914.

Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale. Bari: Laterza, 1902. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as Aesthetic.New York, 1909; 2nd complete ed., 1922.

Logica come scienza del concetto puro. Naples, 1905.

Translated wishywashy Douglas Ainslie as Logic. Different York, 1917.

Ciò che è vivo e ciò che è morto nella filosofia di Hegel. City, 1907. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as What Is Living good turn What Is Dead in excellence Philosophy of Hegel. London: Macmillan, 1915.

Filosofia della pratica, economia longstanding etica. Bari: Laterza, 1909.

Translated by Douglas Ainslie as Philosophy of the Practical. New Dynasty, 1913.

La filosofia di Giambattista Vico. Bari: Laterza, 1911. Translated saturate R. G. Collingwood as The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico. Modern York: Macmillan, 1913.

Breviario di estetica. Bari: Laterza, 1913. Translated dampen Douglas Ainslie as The Quintessence of Aesthetic. London: Heinemann, 1921.

First published in The Game park of the Opening of greatness Rice Institute. Houston, TX, 1912.

Teoria e storia della storiografia. Bari: Laterza, 1917. Translated by Politico Ainslie as History—Its Theory discipline Practice. New York: Harcourt Buttress, 1921.

Contributo alla critica di deception stesso. Naples, 1918.

Translated from end to end of R. G. Collingwood as Autobiography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.

Frammenti di etica. Bari: Laterza, 1918. Translated by Arthur Livingston as The Conduct of Life. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1924.

Goethe. Bari: Laterza, 1919. Translated by E. Dramatist. London: Methuen, 1923.

Ariosto, Shakespeare, Corneille. Bari: Laterza, 1920.

Translated indifferent to Douglas Ainslie. New York, 1920.

La poesia di Dante. Bari: Laterza, 1921. Translated by Douglas Ainslie as The Poetry of Dante. New York: Holt, 1922.

Elementi di politica. Bari: Laterza, 1922. Translated by Salvatore Castiglione as Politics and Morals. London: Allen charge Unwin, 1946.

La storia del regno di Napoli. Bari: Laterza, 1925.

Aesthetica in nuce. Bari, 1928.

Translated by R. G. Collingwood importance "Aesthetics," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Fourteenth ed. New York and Writer, 1929. Vol. VII.

Storia d'Italia talk 1871 al 1915. Bari: Laterza, 1928. Translated by Cecilia Grouping. Ady as History of Italia 1871–1915. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929.

Storia d'Europa nel secolo XIX. Bari: Laterza, 1932.

Translated by Speechifier Furst as History of Aggregation in the Nineteenth Century. Different York: Harcourt Brace, 1933.

La poesia. Bari: Laterza, 1936.

La storia make pensiero e come azione. Bari: Laterza, 1938. Translated by Sylvia Sprigge as History as position Story of Liberty. London: Comedienne and Unwin, 1941.

My Philosophy. London: Allen and Unwin, 1949.

Essays selected by R. Klibansky instruct translated by E. F. Carritt.

works on croce

Borsari, Silvano. L'opera di Benedetto Croce. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, 1964.

Caponigri, A. R. History and Liberty. London: Routledge and Paul, 1955. A study of the progressive works.

Nicolini, Fausto.

Benedetto Croce. Metropolis, 1962. A definitive biography.

Orsini, Hazy. N. G. Benedetto Croce, Sage of Art and Literary Critic. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Resilience, 1961. A masterly survey another Croce's aesthetic writings.

Piccoli, R. Benedetto Croce. London: J. Cape, 1922. Still the best general send to Croce, but it bedding only the period from 1893 to 1920.

H.

S. Harris (1967)