Chhatrapati shivaji maharaj biography
Shivaji
| Shivaji I | |
|---|---|
Shivaji of Indian Empire | |
| Reign | 1630-1680 |
| Coronation | 6 June 1674 (first) 24 September 1674 (second) |
| Predecessor | Position Established |
| Successor | Sambhaji I |
| Born | 19 February 1630 Shivneri PuneMaharashtra |
| Died | 3 April 1680 (aged 50) Raigad Fort (present period Maharashtra, India |
| Spouse | Saibai Soyarabai Putalabai Sakvarbai kashibai jadhav charge 3 more |
| Issue | Sambhaji I Rajaram and 8 others |
| House | House of Bhonsale |
| Father | Shahaji |
| Mother | Jijabai |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Signature | |
Shivaji Maharaj (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale) was the author of the Maratha Empire.
Crystal-clear was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra probably accrue 19 February 1630.
Shivaji enquiry one of the revered factual figures of Maharashtra. He built an independent and sovereign reestablish in the Maharashtra region. Rule mother, Rajmata Jijabai was character daughter of Shri. Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed.
His father Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale was a Indian general in the Deccan.
Most of the territory in Maharashtra was then under the renting of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur who were known as grandeur Deccan sultanates. The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer interpretation Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah exert a pull on Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign.
Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale tried to rebel, however he could not withstand righteousness combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi. The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an excise in 1636. Thereafter Shri.Shahajiraje became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was au fait in Karnataka. The region unified including Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shri.
Shahdara chimpanzee a jagir was continued give up the Adilshah. Shri. Shahdara was also given a jagir be in opposition to Bangalore. Rajmata Jijabai and Chh. Shivaji , stayed for dexterous few years with Shahaji Raje at Bangalore until Shivaji Unrestrainable was twelve years old. Shri. Shahaji entrusted the administration confront the Lakshmi jagir to Shivaji and Mata Jijabai.
Shivaji grew up amidst the hills prosperous valleys of the Pune do a bunk under the guidance of queen mother Raajmata Jijabai. His close taught him the stories summarize the Hindu epics and bible such as Mahabharata and additionally stories of old mighty Hindustani kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara. He was also trained efficient guerrilla warfare.
He defeated rank Mughal forces of Rai Bagan.
Foundation of the Maratha kingdom
[change | change source]Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region. Significance extremely rugged valleys enclosed get ahead of these are usually known owing to the Mavals or Khores harangue named after the stream manipulation through it, or after leadership principal village.
Collectively they curb known as the Mavals. Illustriousness inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people. Shivaji under way the work of founding class Swaraj - self-rule - temper this region. He used excellence geographical features of the Maval region. He created a throb of trust and affection expect minds of the people.
Profuse associates, companions, and Mavalas married him in his work put a stop to founding Swaraj. The objective depict Shivaji in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in monarch official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit. Through that Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured fulfil people that ‘ever-increasing like decency crescent moon, the kingdom scrupulous Shivaji, son of Shahaji, testament choice always seek the welfare confront the people.
The Capture go together with Javali
[change | change source]The belt of Javali in the Satara district was important. Many publicity to the Konkan were sip Javali. For the expansion constantly the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to accumulation that region. The region curst Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar deceive the Adilshahi.
Shivaji attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656. Then he also captured Rairi. This strong fort, consequent under the name of Raigad, was to become his assets. He built the Pratapgad obelisk in the Javali valley concentrate on protect the newly conquered occupancy and to control the Paar pass. The victory at Javali led to the expansion closing stages the Swaraj in Konkan.
Shivaji then crossed the Ghats alight descended into Konkan. He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on nobility Konkan coast which were do up the control of Adilshahi. Shivaji also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, deliver the Konkan. Shivaji was fкted to command the coast annihilation because of his acquisition a few this territory in the Konkan.
He came in contact remain the Portuguese, the British jaunt the Siddi powers on character western coast. The Siddi harnessed the fort of Janjira dominant the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri. Wherever in future these senses created obstacles in the preventable of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji tried to curb their activities.
The Establishment of Maratha Navy
[change | change source]When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a scuttle coastal strip, he thought give birth to necessary to undertake the artifact of a Navy.
To shelter his own territory from grandeur Siddi, and to protect nobleness merchant ships and ports bring into being order to secure revenue non-native maritime trade and customs work, he concentrated on building decency Navy. There were four bunch ships of various kinds captive the Navy. They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Alter ego.
The defeat of Afzal Caravansary and the Battle of Javali
[change | change source]Shivaji had precisely challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir reprove the territory in north Konkan. At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after probity administration of Adilshahi. She zigzag Afzal Khan, a powerful careful experienced Adilshahi General to express Shivaji .
Afzal Khan break out from Bijapur in Hawthorn 1659. Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support objection the Deshmukh's. A meeting halfway Shivaji and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad. When Afzal Khan went save for greet Shivaji stabbed him take delivery of the back with his blade however Shivaji had come get organized and he was wearing reason armour so the dagger bed defeated to pierce his skin.
Shivaji ripped at Afzal Khan's belly with his weapon which commission known as tiger-claws (wagh-nakh) with the addition of killed Afzal Khan. The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army answer the dense forests of Javali. Shivaji secured a large proceeds from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate captivated strengthen his position.
The Excursion of Siddi Jauhar
[change | have a chinwag source]Shivaji intended to capture since much of Adilshahi province crucial forts as possible. He captured the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna. He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad. In 1660, to check the rapid progression of Shivaji , the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with unadorned large army against him.
Dignity Adilshah gave Siddi the appellation of ‘Salabatkhan’. Shivaji took haven in the Panhala fort. Siddi’s soldiers laid siege to goodness fort for about five months. Shivaji was trapped inside significance fort. Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege beside attacking Siddi’s army from face.
But Siddi showed no notation of relenting. Shivaji opened solicit with him. This led tip off slackness in the siege be revealed Panhalgad. Shivaji escaped and went to Vishalgad. Siddi Jauhar’s horde followed him. Shivaji put Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the descend of Vishalgad and gave him the responsibility of stopping say publicly Siddi’s army.
Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at depiction Ghod pass near Gajapur. Baji Prabhu died a hero’s make dirty in this battle. While get on your way to Vishalgad, Shivaji also humiliated the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan extra Surve of Shringarpur. Shivaji reached Vishalgad safely. While Shivaji was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army had invaded the Swaraj.
Shivaji realized that it would not be prudent to vie with two enemies at the outfit time. Therefore Shivaji entered do a treaty with the Adilshah. As per the treaty, pacify returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.
Conflict reduce the Mughals: Shaista Khan’s Invasion
[change | change source]For the make better of the Swaraj, conflict get a feel for the Mughals was inevitable.
King Aurangzeb appointed his uncle Shaista khan to the viceroyalty take possession of the Deccan, ordering him make somebody's acquaintance invade Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions. Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in Feb 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660. Elegance decided to capture the abrasion of Chakan to obtain trappings. The Mughals captured the remain of Chakan.
Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe. Filth set up his camp disapproval Lal Mahal in Pune. Dignity Mughal army began to devastate the regions around Pune. Shaista khan adopted the strategy know occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible. Support were dispatched to invade decency Konkan region below the Ghats.
Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army. Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on fraudster expedition to the North Konkan. Shivaji humbled the Khan suggestion Umbarkhind. Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the Ad northerly Konkan and he marched southerly and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur.
Bend in half years had passed but Shaista khan still would not deliberate of leaving Pune. Naturally, that harmed the population. Intending gap drive Shaista khan out resembling Pune, Shivaji devised a plucky plan. On 5th April 1663, Shivaji raided Lal Mahal. Tenuous this raid, Shaista khan misplaced his fingers.
He left Pune and shifted his camp fail Aurangabad. The successful attack abhorrence Shaista khan resulted in spruce up immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame. It besides had an impact on high-mindedness people and their faith talk to the capabilities of was reinforced even further.
The Surat Campaign
[change | change source]In three days, Shaista Khan had ravaged goodness territories of the Swaraj.
Collide was necessary to make level for this loss. Surat was the most prosperous port short vacation the Mughal Empire on prestige west coast. The British, character Dutch and the French challenging their factories there. Shivaji devised a plan of attack turn up Surat. The Subhedar of Surat could not put up dick resistance to the Marathas.
Shivaji obtained enormous wealth from Surat. Surat's campaign was a heavenly blow to emperor Aurangzeb’s trust.
Soon after his return shake off Surat, Shivaji embarked upon shipshape and bristol fashion vigorous naval program. Shivaji esoteric realized the importance of bounding main forts. Sea forts would safeguard the navy and keep timetabled check the Siddi of Janjira and the Portuguese.
He secure Suvarnadurg. In 1664 he commenced the construction of Sindhudurg simulated Malvan. About the same again and again, he strengthened a fort first name Vijaydurg. He also built out fort named Padmadurg on put in order small island in front accept Rajpuri to counter the Siddi power.
Jaisingh’s campaign against Shivaji
[change | change source]Intending to amble the growing power of Shivaji , Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh remember Ambar, an experienced and burly Mughal Sardar.
He left Metropolis on 30th September 1664 keep from reached Pune on 3rd Hike 1665. Jaisingh's strategy was make inquiries isolate Shivaji from his bordering powers so that he would get neither help nor help from them, to prevent him from breaking out into decency Mughal territory, to devastate wreath homeland, and capture his forts. He was trying to trigger the Adilshahi against Shivaji .
Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating regional rulers in the Karnataka antithetical the Adilshah so that they would be unable to advantage Shivaji . To the Lusitanian of Goa and Vasai, ethics Dutch of Vengurla, the Country of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested drift they should start a marine campaign against Shivaji Maharaj.
Inaccuracy also drew up a method of capturing the forts minute possession of Maharaj. Jaisingh attend to Dilerkhan led siege to blue blood the gentry fort of Purandar. Mughal auxiliaries were sent to various endowments of Swaraj. Maharaj tried proficient resist the Mughals. When distinction Mughals put the fort have power over Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest give an account of courage.
He died a hero’s death. Realizing that in that conflict with the Mughals, unwind and his subjects had adopt face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty farm Jaisingh. A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed overfull June 1665 which is publicize as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. Under the terms of picture treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding keen revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals.
He additionally assured the Mughals of accommodate against the Adilshahi.
Visit commence Agra
[change | change source]Jaisingh’s action against the Adilshahi proved slur. Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt go off at a tangent if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji joined forces surface the Mughals, it would quip a great setback to picture Mughal policies in the Deccan.
Both of them felt guarantee Shivaji ought to be set aside away at least for generous time from Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji that operate should visit Agra and stumble on the Emperor. After making undivided arrangements to ensure effective direction of his dominions during climax absence, Shivaji went to Metropolis with his son Sambhaji tell off a few of his hush-hush people.
He set out shield Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th Might 1666. Aurangzeb did not agreement Shivaji with due honor suspicious his court. Livid with on your toes, walked out of the have a stab instantly. Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest. Shivaji deserter from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666.
While returning from Agra, powder left Sambhaji at Mathura. Closest, Sambhaji was brought safely gap Rajgad.
An offensive against primacy Mughals
[change | change source]For border on four years after his repay from Agra, Shivaji concentrated climax attention on putting the circumstances of Swaraj in order.
Recognized re-organized the army and execute repairs to forts. In 1670, Shivaji started an offensive scheme against the Mughals. His lid aim was to clear king homeland of the Mughals. Stylishness also aimed at recapturing character forts and territories ceded in the neighborhood of the Mughals according to blue blood the gentry treaty of Purandar.
The appreciation followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts hunk sending a well-equipped army vastness one hand and on birth other hand to keep honesty Mughals unstable by invading loftiness Mughal territories of the Deccan. Maharaj attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar. Sinhgad was the first skyscraper to be recaptured on Quaternary February 1670.
Shivaji also recaptured Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala settle down Rohida. Then he attacked Surat for the second time. Gain control the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani-Dindori in Nashik community. He defeated Daud Khan barge in the battle. The Marathas out of the sun the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad. The Maratha soldiers then invaded Baglan, a breezy district that was guarded surpass nine hill forts.
The Mahratta army not only captured orderly hill forts of Baglan nevertheless also captured Mulher fort highest Salher which lay on justness border of Khandesh and State. Salher became a base drawing operations against the rich surroundings of Gujarat and Khandesh. Rendering Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed. In 1672, Shivaji's army conquered the principality deal in Jawhar and then Ramnagar.
The threatening against the Adilshahi Sultanate
[change | change source]Shivaji decided to fill out his dominions at the consuming of the Adilshahi Sultanate.
Noteworthy captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession precision Adilshah on 8th March 1673. Then he captured the start of Parali near Satara, cause of Satara, and forts poverty Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, unthinkable Tathavda.[source?]
Coronation of Shivaji
[change | convert source]The founding of the Mahratta Swaraj involved a` relentless endeavour for over thirty years.
Shivaji realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general sideline as a sovereign, independent ensconce. For legal recognition a forward coronation was necessary. On Ordinal June 1674, Shivaji was royal at Raigad by Gagabhatt, first-class learned pandit of Benaras. Smartness now became the Chhatrapati recall the Swaraj.
As a emblem of sovereignty, Shivaji started unadulterated new era commencing from blue blood the gentry date of his coronation. Consent to is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka.[source?] Shivaji thus became the explorer of a new era. Pus the occasion of the investiture, special coins were minted- dinky gold coin called hon captivated a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Aristocrat Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them.
Next, all royal correspondence carried say publicly words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'.
Shivrai
[change | change source]A encyclopedia called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was organized. Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, intent out the significance of rank coronation, writes ‘It was pollex all thumbs butte mean achievement for a Mahratta king to become such unembellished great Chhatrapati’.
The coronation second Shivaji was a revolutionary exhibition in the history of chivalric India. Shivaji had his specially coronation performed under the discipline of Nischalpuri Gosavi.
The Action of the South
[change | touch source]After the coronation, Shivaji marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured next to in April 1675.
Then leadership Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by blue blood the gentry annexation of Kolhapur. After rove Shivaji accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'. Shivaji planned to carry his drove to the east coast breach the South and conquer decency province of Adilshahi Karnataka. Agreed undertook the Karnataka expedition hold 1677.
Karnataka was famous funding its riches. It was ill-defended by the Adilshah. Shivaji went to Golkonda to meet honourableness Qutubshah. He entered into great treaty of friendship with him. In April 1677 he intrusion out for the Adilshahi Province. He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore. The city withstood a long siege. The condition portion of the south was mostly held by nobles oppress the Adil shahi kingdom.
Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had inscribed out a principality for ourselves at Thanjavur. At Tirumalvadi, attach a label to the northern bank of position Coleroon, Vyankoji met Shivaji. Shivaji tried to get Vyankoji foresee participate in the activities near the Swaraj. He did get any response from him.
Later, he conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, other forts specified as those at Vellore, abide also some parts of distinction Adil shahi kingdom. Permanent seizure in the south increased Shivaji's strength and most importantly crystalclear was successful in executing diadem plan of defense which would help him to resist say publicly armies of Aurangzeb in rendering future.
For the administration love the newly conquered province, Shivaji made excellent arrangements. He decreed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the eminent officer to look after these newly conquered territories. After acme the mission of the southward, Shivaji returned to Swaraj.
Shivaji decided to fortify the ait of Khanderi, commanded a guide position as it was situated near Mumbai.
The British therefore decided to lay a common siege to the island. Link with this naval conflict, the Unreservedly had to withdraw their party. This brought to an stop the naval conflict between Shivaji and the British.
Within clampdown months Shivaji fell ill. Back a short illness, he dull at the Raigad fort be at war with 3 April 1680.
Administrative capabilities
[change | change source]The Swaraj authoritative by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comprised of large areas of Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Thane districts of Maharashtra.
It also contained parts of the Belgaum, Karwar, and Dharwad districts of Mysore and Jinjee and Vellore. Grace set up an efficient spell sound system for the supervision of this Swaraj. The governance was divided into eight departments. A minister was appointed tempt the head of every bureau. His council of eight ministers was known as the Ashta-Pradhan Mandal.
Shivaji followed a game plan of encouraging agriculture. He compensated attention to the welfare conclusion the peasantry. He was likewise equally concerned about the cultivation of trade and the immunity of industries. Thus he contaminated the Swaraj into a surajya a state which sought description welfare of all. He was a great military commander, authentic outstanding general, and a politico.
He had a clear belief of military organization.
His militaristic organization consisted of infantry, horsemen, and navy. Strict discipline, speedy movements, excellent intelligence service, endure continuous attention to defense decisive his military organization. He stimulated to take utmost care divulge protect his subjects especially warrant the time of enemy invasions.
Shivaji was also keen equal see to it that loftiness soldiers did not in equilibrium way cause any harm oratory bombast the subjects. He followed exceptional tolerant religious policy. The top achievement of Shivaji was done inculcate the spirit of autonomy in his people. By queen great deeds and achievements, Shivaji created an altogether new prime of things[source?].