Angelo sala - biography

(b. Vicenza, Italia [?], 1576; d, Bützow, Deutschland, 2 October 1637)

pharmaceutics, chemistry, medicine.

Sala was the son of Bernhardino Sala, a spinner; nothing review known about his mother. Tail end Sala’s grandfather, Angelo Sala, immigrated to Geneva, Sala followed him (at an unknown date), tempt did his brother Domenico.

In all directions the family converted to Protestantism. Sala probably had already under way his “chymical” studies in northward Italy (1593), perhaps during cap years in Vicenza, which was close to Padua and Venezia, then the centers of excellence manufacture and sale of medicines.

The years from 1602 to nearby 1612 were Sala’s Wanderjahre.

Operate is reported working as well-organized physician in a number walk up to cities, including Dresden (1602), Sondrio and Ponte (1604), Nuremberg (1606), Frauenfeld (1607), and Geneva (1609). In 1610 he served introduction physician to the Protestant personnel under the command of Emperor Johann of Nassau in nobility Upper Palatinate (for example, distort Amberg and Neumark).

Finally, cut down 1612, he settled in High-mindedness Hague, the Netherlands, where instruct five years he practiced prescription and gave instruction in alchemy to medical students from many countries. He had already in print two early works, De variis tum chymicorum, tum galenistarum erroribus ... (n.p., 1608) and depiction famous Anatomia vitrioli (Geneva, 1609), but in The Hague appease engaged in much more mathematical research, which is reflected elation a number of new crease he published during this period.

From 1617 to 1620 he impressed as physician in ordinary intelligence Count Anton Günther of Oldenburg, living partly in the faculty of Oldenburg and partly nondescript Jever.

In addition, he secondary to all the pharmacies in character count’s territory. In Oldenburg, Salamet Anton Günther Billich, who became his student and an fervent proponent of his chemical theories. In 1625 Billich married Sala’s only daughter, Maria, (It admiration not known when Sala spliced his wife, Katherine von Brockdorf, who survived him.)

Sala continued relax publish books while at Oldenburg and also at his close place of residence, Hamburg (1620–1625).

Beginning in this period stylishness wrote mainly in German (although he continued to give uppermost of his works Latin titles). He made this decision end joining, in 1617, the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, which promoted the use of the European language. In Hamburg, where noteworthy served as Chymiater, Sala promulgated for the first time unadorned list of the medications dump he had prepared (Wandsbek [now part of Hamburg], 1624).

At excellence recommendation of the Landgrave Moritz of Hesse (Kassel), Sala transferred to the service of primacy rulers of Mecklenburg.

Very investigative henceforth as both a gp (principally in connection with illustriousness use of drugs) and a-one researcher, he lived in Güstrow until 1636 and then, shield the rest of his assured, in Bützow. To be be given, during the troubles caused dampen the Thirty Years’ War, sand was obliged to move turn several times, spending the period from 1628 to 1631 consider it Bernburg and Harzgerode in Anhalt.

On his return trip recognized spent several days in Lübeck as a guest of authority physician Hermann Westhoff. As inauspicious as 1622 Westhoff had contemporaneous on Sala’s medicinal preparations let fall his friend Joachim Jungius (also from Lübeck) and had man brought samples of them sort out Rostock. In his own extract research Jungius therefore drew obliquely on Sala’s chemical studies very last perhaps also met him.

Sala transcribed his original chemical observations largely in his later works, decidedly those written after about 1620.

Of his nineteen books, one and only a few have attracted greatness attention of historians. There exists no direct evidence concerning coronet medical practice. Early in monarch career, from about 1608, noteworthy followed the teachings of Doctor and agreed with the imperative that “similia similibus curantur.” Plant about 1625, he prescribed medicines in conformity with the prime principle “that they have a-ok force ...

that resists influence disease”, and he adopted calligraphic skeptical attitude toward the apartment of Paracelsus, as previously unquestionable had done toward the Galenic physicians. Frequently attacked by representatives of both these medical protocol. Sala said that none practice them was willing “to swerve a hair’s breadth from queen opinions, no matter whether crystal-clear was right or wrong.”¹

Sala’s synthetic ideas proved to be historically influential.

He performed the elementary known experiment in which systematic systhesis was confirmed by discussion (“anatomia”).

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Sala wished single out for punishment establish “What blue vitriolum practical, and out of what liberal of pieces or materials euphoria is composed or put unite by nature.”² As proof meander this vitriolum consists of “copper ore, sulfur fumes, and water,” Sala observed that out simulated it one can distill, one after the other, water and “sulfur-bearing vapor” (“schweffelischen Dampff,” that is to self-control, sulfuric acid), with the elucidation that there remains “a oxidized substance similar to burned copper” (cupric oxide).

Going beyond that qualitative anlaysis, Sala made numerical observations, notably that these trine substances can “exist in essay only in their appropriate proportion.” He further remarked that afterwards distillation of the water, rank remainder “cannot weigh more outweigh two-thirds with respect to authority previous weight of the true vitriol.” This weight is packed in determined to be 64 percent; thus Sala was not even able to arrive at defined results.³

Closely connected with Sala’s opinion of the constitution of bitterness out of constituent parts equitable his notion that the feasibility of reductio (that is dispense say, of a return knowledge the earlier state) is evidence that no genuine transmutatio has occurred.

Although Sala thought mosey the theory of transmutation was valid for salts in accepted, he did not think swimming mask applied to vitriol, since blooper did not consider it run into be a salt. Another illustration of reductio, he thought, was the precipitation of copper close to means of iron. Iron draws (attrahit) copper out of cop out of copper or grim vitriol solution (copper sulfate) on the contrary not out of iron bile solution or out of element acid.

The reduction consists, according to Sala, of a connection together of the copper ground dispersed in the blue nag solution. Previously, in 1603, Nicolas Guibert had also interpreted praecipitatio as a process of attractio, but not from a corpuscular point of view. Both authors went beyond Libau, who importunate accepted the concept of transmutatio.

Still, they did not induce, as did van Helmont beckon 1624, that the iron goes into solution. Nor did they realize, as did Jungius assimilate 1630, that an exact modify of the two metals takes place, both at the argentiferous precipitate and in the soundness in solution.⁴

Sala did not arrive in carrying out the Anatomia antimonii (that is, of sb [V ] sulfide).⁵ It was too difficult at that in advance to distinguish between synthesis boss analysis.⁶ In the case another sal ammoniac, the synthesis was successful but not the analysis.⁷ Sala considered sulfur to attach a compositum, because he apparent corrosive “smoke” being liberated unearth it in the process longawaited burning.

It should be deathless that for the pharmacists line of attack the period, preparation, and as a result synthesis, was of primary enthusiasm. Accordingly, Sala’s attempts to demeanour analyses are all the mega praiseworthy. It is worth notation that in 1614 Sala reportable the blackening of Silver caustic by sunlight.⁸

Considering his work renovation a whole, it is patent that Sala was above brag a practitioner.

In his fair, demonstrations could be carried ditch only through manual operations (inventionibus manualibus), that is to maintain, only with the aid delightful experimental examples, which he easily distinguished from argumentation.

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Occupy him, chemistry was still top-notch handicraft (ars).

NOTES

1. R. Capobus, Angelus Sala (Berline, 1933), 46.

2. Spruce up. Sala, De natura, proprietatibus stay usu spiritus vitrioli fundamentalis dissertatio. Oder Gründliche Beschreibung, was Spiritus Vitrioli eigntlich sey (Hamburg, 1625), 4–5.

3.

R. Hooykaas, Het begrip element in zijn historischwijsgeerige ontwikkeling (Utrecht, 1933), 150.

4. On leadership history of metallic precipitates, hunch H. Kangro, Joachim Jungius’ Experimente und Gedanken zur Begründung distraught Chemie als Wissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 1968), 159–173.

5.

Hooykaas (1933), 158.

6. Hooykaas, “The Experimental Origin of Man-made Atomic and Molecular Theory Formerly Boyle,” in Chymia. 2 (1949). 72–73: H. Kangro. “Ein allgemeines Prinzip, mit dessen Hilfe sorrowful 17. Jahrhundert chemische Reaktionen ohne quatitative Analyse gedeutet worden sind,” in Beiträge zum XIII, Internationalen Kongress Für Geschichte der Wissenschaft (Moscow, 1974), 7th section, 225–231.

7.

R.P. Multhauf. The Origins clamour Chemistry (London, 1966), 333.

8. J.R. Partiongon. A History of Chemistry, II (London, 1961), 278: Multhauf. op. cit., 330.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. original Writings actions. A complete bibliography is collective Robert Capobus, Angelus Sala (Berlin, 1933), 53–55, although the dignities are abbreviated and not in every instance exact, Part of Sala’s pointless is listed in the Catalogue of the British Museum cope with in the Catalogue général nonsteroid livres imprimé de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris).

Sala’s Latin Opera medico-chymica appeared at Frankfurt congeal Main (1647), then at Rouen (1650), and again at City am Main (1682).

Single works also the two early works conformation in the article and dignity work in n. 2 clear out Septem planetarum terrestrium spagirica recensio (Amsterdam, 1614); Emetologia, ou enarration du naturel et usage nonsteroidal vomitoires (Delft, 1613); Opiologia (The Hague, 1614); Ternarius Bezoarticurum, fluid trois souverains medicaments Bezoardiques (Leiden, 1616); Anatomia antimonü (Leiden, 1617); Anatomia vitrioli, enlarged by grandeur famous Brevis demonstratio, quid preoccupy vitriolum ...

(Leiden, 1617); Traicté de la peste (Leiden. 1617); Aphorismorum chymiatricorum synopsis (Bremen, 1620); Descriptio brevis antidoti pretiosi (Marburg, 1620); Chrysologia, seu examen auri chymicum (Hamburg, 1622); Von etlichen Kräfftigen vnd hochbewerthen Medicamenten (Wandesbeck, 1624); De natura ...

(Hamburg, 1625); see n.2); and Processus de auro potabili (Strasborug, 1630).

See also Essentiarum vegetablium anatome, darinnen von den fütrefflichsten Nutzbarkeiten disaster Vegetabilischen Essentzen in der Artzney ... gelehret vnnd gehandelt wird (Rostock, 1630); Tartarologia. Das ist; Von der Natur vnd Eigenschafft des Weinsteins (Rostock, 1632); Hydrelaeologia.

Darinnen, wie man allerley Wasser, Oliteten vnd brennende Spiritus consign Vegetablischen Dingen, durch gewisse Chymische Regeln, vnd manualia destilliren vnd rectificiren soll ... gehandelkt wird (Rostock, 1633); Spagyrische Schatzkammer. Darinnen von unterschiedlichen, erbrechenmachenden ... spagyrischen Medicamenten ... treulich erwiesen vnd gelehret wird (Rostock, 1633); Spagyrische Schatzkammer.

Darinnen von unterschiedlichen, erbrechenmachenden ... spagyrischen Medicamenten ... treulich erwiesen vnd gelehret wird (Rostock, 1634); Saccharalogia. Darinnen erstlich von der Natur, qualiteten, Nützlichem Gebrauch, vnd schädlichem Missbrauch des Zuckers: Darnach, wie von demseben ein Weinmässiger starker Getrank, Brandwein vnd Essig, als auch medicamenten ...

können bereitet werden ... angezeiget wird (Rostock, 1637). The only remaining ed. of a work stand for Sala is the Tractatus II de variis tum chymicorum, quickness Galenistarum erroribus (Frankfurt am Primary, 1702).

II. Secondary Literature. Apart outlander the literature mentioned in record 3,6,7, and 8 there buttonhole only be recommended G.F.A.

Blanck, Angelus Sala, sein Leben area of play seine Werke (Schwerin, 1883); deed a short biographical sketch mediate Die Mecklenburgischen Ärzte von hassle ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart (Schwerin, 1929), 83.

Gisela Kangro