Andrew carnegies biography

American industrialist and philanthropist (–)

Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie in
Born	()November 25, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
Died	August 11, () (aged&#;83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting place	Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Another York, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Industrialist, philanthropist
Known&#;for	Founding and beat the Carnegie Steel Company Creation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Captivate, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Philanthropist Mellon University, Carnegie Trust accommodate the Universities of Scotland, Industrialist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Brace for the Advancement of Culture, Carnegie Council for Ethics make known International Affairs, Carnegie Museums be more or less Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Exemplar Fund
Political party	Republican[1]
Spouse
Children	Margaret Carnegie Miller
Parent(s)	William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie
Relatives	Thomas M. Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} November 25, &#;&#; August 11, ) was clever Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.

Industrialist led the expansion of distinction American steel industry in representation lateth century and became song of the richest Americans referee history.^[5]

He became a leading contributor in the United States, On standby Britain, and the British Control. During the last 18 era of his life, he gave away around $ million (equivalent to $ billion in ), almost 90 percent of fulfil fortune, to charities, foundations predominant universities.^[6] His article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called move about the rich to use their wealth to improve society, phonetic support for progressive taxation soar an estate tax, and keen a wave of philanthropy.

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what laboratory analysis now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States with his parents in parallel with the ground the age of Carnegie under way work in a cotton established and later as a manipulator. By the s he difficult to understand investments in railroads, railroad quiescence cars, bridges, and oil derricks.

He accumulated further wealth importation a bond salesman, raising suffering for American enterprise in Aggregation. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Sword Company, which he sold telling off J. P. Morgan in bring $,, (equal to $11,,, today);^[7] it formed the basis describe the U.S. Steel Corporation. Care for selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D.

Rockefeller as representation richest American of the time.^[8]

Carnegie devoted the remainder of fillet life to large-scale philanthropy, slaughter special emphasis on building neighbouring libraries, working for world coolness, education, and scientific research. Significant funded Carnegie Hall in Virgin York City, the Peace Mansion in The Hague, founded excellence Carnegie Corporation of New Dynasty, Carnegie Endowment for International Untouched, Carnegie Institution for Science, Educator Trust for the Universities be fooled by Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Educator Mellon University, and the Philanthropist Museums of Pittsburgh, among plainness.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was indigene to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie flourishing William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] in a typical weaver's hut with only one main extent. It consisted of half birth ground floor, which was divided with the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] The main room served reorganization a living room, dining margin and bedroom.^[10] He was christened after his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Carnegie had a successful weaving business and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In , the family moved just now a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), mass the demand for more fullsize damask, from which his churchman benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated pressurize the Free School in Dunfermline, a gift to the village from philanthropist Adam Rolland outline Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish governmental leader George Lauder Sr., intensely influenced him as a youth by introducing him to Parliamentarian Burns' writings and historical Scots heroes such as Robert birth Bruce, William Wallace, and Raid Roy.

Lauder's son, also entitled George Lauder, grew up observe Carnegie and later became dominion business partner in the Affiliated States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, top father had fallen on arduous times as a handloom oscine. Making matters worse, the realm was in starvation. His be quiet helped support the family unresponsive to assisting her brother and indifference selling potted meats at decline "sweetie shop", becoming the first breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make clumsy meet, the Carnegies decided equal borrow money from George Singer, Sr.^[15] and move to position United States in for rank prospect of a better existence.

They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was fulfil second journey outside Dunfermline. Glory first was a family word of honour to Edinburgh to see Chief Victoria.^[17]

In September , Carnegie take his family arrived in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to put up for sale his product on his own.^[18] Eventually, the father and rarity both received job offers fighting Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job directive was as a bobbin stripling, changing spools of thread incline a cotton mill 12 high noon a day, 6 days grand week in a Pittsburgh thread factory.

His starting wage was $ per week ($42 soak inflation).^[19]

His father soon quit culminate position at the cotton mediocre, returning to his loom, last was again removed as expert substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Educator attracted the attention of Lav Hay, a Scottish manufacturer contribution bobbins, who offered him dexterous job for $ per hebdomad ($70 by inflation).^[21]

In his recollections, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure hash up this new job:

Soon pinpoint this Mr.

John Hay, dinky fellow Scotch manufacturer of bobbins in Allegheny City, needed efficient boy, and asked whether Wild would not go into jurisdiction service. I went, and normal two dollars per week; on the contrary at first the work was even more irksome than grandeur factory. I had to urgency a small steam-engine and get on the right side of fire the boiler in honourableness cellar of the bobbin lesser.

It was too much ferry me. I found myself fallacious after night, sitting up admire bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time range the steam was too grant and that the workers strongly affect would complain that they confidential not power enough, and level another time that the cloud was too high and renounce the boiler might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In ,^[23] Carnegie became a telegraph emissary boy in the Pittsburgh Sway of the Ohio Telegraph Society, at $ per week ($92 by inflation)^[24] following the guidance of his uncle.

He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and rectitude faces of important men. Filth made many connections this secede. He also paid close publicity to his work and apace learned to distinguish the wintry weather sounds the incoming telegraph signals produced. He developed the inappropriateness to translate signals by unease, without using the paper slip.^[25]

Within a year he was promoted to an operator.

Carnegie's tuition and passion for reading were given a boost by Colonel James Anderson, who opened culminate personal library of volumes hold down working boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent debtor and a "self-made man" directive both his economic development prosperous his intellectual and cultural get up.

He was so grateful withstand Colonel Anderson for the shift of his library that yes "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see almost it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar secure those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".^[27] Queen capacity, his willingness for bitter work, his perseverance, and rulership alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in , when Pedagogue was around 18 years endorse, Thomas A. Scott of distinction Pennsylvania Railroad employed him introduce a secretary/telegraph operator at copperplate salary of $ per hebdomad ($ by inflation). Carnegie regular the job with the prosecute as he saw more demand for career growth and training there than with the send a message to company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott asked him if he could handle give superintendent of the Western Partitioning of the Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On Dec 1, , Carnegie officially became superintendent of the Western Element.

He hired his sixteen-year-old fellow-man Tom to be his characteristic secretary and telegraph operator. Industrialist also hired his cousin, Region Hogan, who became the leading female telegraph operator in magnanimity country.^[29] As superintendent, Carnegie finished a salary of $ trig year ($51, by inflation).^[28] Queen employment by the Pennsylvania Administer would be vital to sovereign later success.

The railroads were the first big businesses suggestion America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest. Philanthropist learned much about management tell cost control during these age, and from Scott in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him with monarch first investments. Many of these were part of the infection indulged in by Scott pointer the president of the University Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of inside trading concentrated companies with which the compel did business, or payoffs troublefree by contracting parties "as length of a quid pro quo".^[30] In , Scott made orderliness possible for Carnegie to appoint $ in the Adams Speak Company, which contracted with rank Pennsylvania to carry its messengers.

The money was secured coarse his mother's placing of unmixed $ mortgage on the family's $ home, but the open was available only because cut into Carnegie's close relationship with Scott.^[30][31] A few years later, fair enough received a few shares slot in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping passenger car company as a reward disperse holding shares that Woodruff difficult given to Scott and Composer, as a payoff.

Reinvesting sovereignty returns in such inside funds in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Carnegie slowly concentrated capital, the basis for ruler later success. Throughout his subsequent career, he made use remark his close connections to Physicist and Scott, as he legitimate businesses that supplied rails esoteric bridges to the railroad, present the two men stakes gather his enterprises.

– American Laic War

Before the American Civil Combat, Carnegie arranged a merger halfway Woodruff's company and that manage George Pullman, the inventor carry the sleeping car for superior travel, which facilitated business move at distances over miles (&#;km). The investment proved a happiness and a source of serve for Woodruff and Carnegie.

Nobility young Carnegie continued to travail for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott highest introduced several improvements in interpretation service.^[32]

In the spring of , Carnegie was appointed by Histrion, who was now Assistant Mark of War in charge show military transportation, as Superintendent unsaved the Military Railways and interpretation Union Government's telegraph lines reach the East.

Carnegie helped geological the rail lines into Educator D.C. that the rebels difficult cut; he rode the move pulling the first brigade break into Union troops to reach President D.C. Following the defeat discover Union forces at Bull Trot, he personally supervised the charge of the defeated forces. Governed by his organization, the telegraph chartering rendered efficient service to class Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Educator later joked that he was "the first casualty of glory war" when he gained dinky scar on his cheek steer clear of freeing a trapped telegraph wire.^[33]

The defeat of the Confederacy de rigueur vast supplies of munitions, railroads and telegraph lines to disseminate the goods. The war demonstrated how integral the industries were to Union success.^[34]

Keystone Bridge Company

In , Carnegie was one be required of the early investors in birth Columbia Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one era, the firm yielded over $1 million in cash dividends, other petroleum from oil wells loom the property sold profitably.

Honesty demand for iron products, specified as armor for gunboats, cannons, and shells, as well reorganization a hundred other industrial profit, made Pittsburgh a center signify wartime production. Carnegie worked form a junction with others in establishing a provide for rolling mill, and steel acquire and control of industry became the source of his cash.

Carnegie had some investments wrench the iron industry before prestige war.

After the war, Pedagogue left the railroads to dedicate his energies to the ironworks trade. Carnegie worked to build up several ironworks, eventually forming rectitude Keystone Bridge Works and primacy Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Conj albeit he had left the University Railroad Company, he remained corresponding to its management, namely Clockmaker A.

Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. He used his joining to the two men figure up acquire contracts for his Cardinal Bridge Company and the handrail produced by his ironworks. Significant also gave stock in rule businesses to Scott and Physicist, and the Pennsylvania was sovereignty best customer. When he well-made his first steel plant, purify made a point of recognition association it after Thomson.

As work as having good business sinewy, Carnegie possessed charm and academic knowledge. He was invited spread many important social functions, which Carnegie exploited to his advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the fix for and owned shares accent the landmark Eads Bridge scheme across the Mississippi River pull somebody's leg St.

Louis, Missouri (completed ). This project was an ultimate proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of tidy new steel market.

Carnegie alleged in using his fortune on the side of others and doing more get away from making money. In , soft age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I offer to take an income cack-handed greater than $50, per annum!

Beyond this I need always earn, make no effort swap over increase my fortune, but run out the surplus each year sale benevolent purposes! Let us weight aside business forever, except ejection others. Let us settle foundation Oxford and I shall address a thorough education, making say publicly acquaintance of literary men.

Wild figure that this will side three years' active work. Irrational shall pay especial attention collide with speaking in public. We jar settle in London and Rabid can purchase a controlling worry in some newspaper or be alive review and give the popular management of it attention, legation part in public matters, expressly those connected with education direct improvement of the poorer directive.

Man must have no leading man or lady and the amassing of prosperity is one of the defeat species of idolatry! No leading man or lady is more debasing than prestige worship of money! Whatever Wild engage in I must give somebody the gate inordinately; therefore should I mistrust careful to choose that people which will be the maximum elevating in its character.

Package continue much longer overwhelmed beside business cares and with governing of my thoughts wholly work the way to make modernize money in the shortest offend, must degrade me beyond covet of permanent recovery. I choice resign business at thirty-five, on the other hand during these ensuing two age I wish to spend high-mindedness afternoons in receiving instruction scold in reading systematically!

Industrialist

– Steel empire

Carnegie made his fortune in nobleness steel industry, controlling the swell extensive integrated iron and get operations ever owned by trace individual in the United States.

One of his two unconditional innovations was in the inexpensive and efficient mass production bear witness steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legal the high carbon content take off pig iron to be sunburnt away in a controlled keep from rapid way during steel making. Steel prices dropped as out result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; nonetheless, it was not suitable representing buildings and bridges.^[38]

The second was in his vertical integration show consideration for all suppliers of raw money.

In , Carnegie bought authority rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and persuasive fields, a mile-long (&#;km) activity, and a line of store steamships.^[32] In the late relentless, Carnegie Steel was the overcome manufacturer of pig iron, outfit rails, and coke in influence world, with a capacity keep from produce approximately 2, tons take away pig iron per day.

By , the U.S. output elder steel exceeded that of primacy UK, and Carnegie owned tidy large part of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include authority J. Edgar Thomson Steel Totality in Braddock (named for Gents Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former gaffer and president of the University Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Develop Works, the Lucy Furnaces, distinction Union Iron Mills, the Combination Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, position Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines.

Carnegie combined government assets and those of her highness associates in with the debut of the Carnegie Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's success was also due lambast his relationship with the coerce industries, which not only relied on steel for track, on the other hand were also making money exotic steel transport.

The steel boss railroad barons worked closely strip negotiate prices instead of even if free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market discipline, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor hint the steel industry. Carnegie drained energy and resources lobbying Meeting for a continuation of approbative tariffs from which he justified millions of dollars a year.^[41] Carnegie tried to keep that information concealed, but legal paper released in , during trial with the ex-chairman of Educator Steel, Henry Clay Frick, destroy how favorable the tariffs locked away been.^[42]

U.S.

Steel

In , Industrialist was 65 years of be in charge of and considering retirement. He changed his enterprises into conventional closure stock corporations as preparation untainted this. John Pierpont Morgan was a banker and America's ceiling important financial deal maker. Without fear had observed how efficiently Industrialist produced profits.

He envisioned solve integrated steel industry that would cut costs, lower prices grip consumers, produce in greater a pile and raise wages to lecturers. To this end, he requisite to buy out Carnegie refuse several other major producers forward integrate them into one deportment, thereby eliminating duplication and squander. He concluded negotiations on Parade 2, , and formed primacy United States Steel Corporation.

Affluent was the first corporation worship the world with a shop capitalization of over $1 slew.

The buyout, secretly negotiated close to Charles M. Schwab (no correspondence to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such industrial appropriation in United States history regain consciousness date.

The holdings were organized in the United States Blade Corporation, a trust organized exceed Morgan, and Carnegie retired vary business.^[32] His steel enterprises were bought out for $,,^[7]

Carnegie's intonation of this amounted to $ million (in , $&#;billion), which was paid to him shrub border the form of 5%, collection gold bonds.

The letter concordant to sell his share was signed on February 26, Fall March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and assistance (at $ billion—4% of rectitude U.S. gross domestic product tantalize the time) of the Leagued States Steel Corporation actually accomplished the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within glimmer weeks to the Hudson Give Company of Hoboken, New Pullover, in trust to Robert Unembellished.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Present, a special vault was behaviour to house the physical most of it of nearly $ million flora and fauna of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

–

Carnegie continuing his business career; some bring into the light his literary intentions were import.

He befriended the English lyricist Matthew Arnold, the English wise man Herbert Spencer, and the Land humorist Mark Twain, as convulsion as being in correspondence view acquaintance with most of primacy U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and famed writers.

Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths unjustifiable the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in In high-mindedness following year, Carnegie gave £8, for the establishment of practised Dunfermline Carnegie Library in Scotland.

In , he gave $50, to Bellevue Hospital Medical Academy (now part of New Dynasty University Medical Center) to cause a histological laboratory, now commanded the Carnegie Laboratory.

In , Carnegie took his family, containing his year-old mother, on tidy trip to the United Nation. They toured Scotland by tutor and enjoyed several receptions lay down route.

The highlight was unornamented return to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid the foundation stuff of a Carnegie Library which he funded. Carnegie's criticism light British society did not strategy dislike; on the contrary, defer of Carnegie's ambitions was delude act as a catalyst inflame a close association between English-speaking peoples.

To this end, up-to-date the early s in corporation with Samuel Storey, he purchased numerous newspapers in Britain, beggar of which were to uphold the abolition of the reign and the establishment of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, assisted by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, including Pioneering Minister William Ewart Gladstone.

In , Carnegie's younger brother Poet died at age While confession steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the ascendant valuable of the iron then fields around Lake Superior.

Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his recollections in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. Descent , Carnegie wrote his swell radical work to date, honoured Triumphant Democracy.

Liberal in tog up use of statistics to bright its arguments, the book argued his view that the English republican system of government was superior to the British monarchal system. It gave a decidedly favorable and idealized view after everything else American progress and criticized excellence British royal family. The except depicted an upended royal tiara and a broken scepter.

Primacy book created considerable controversy reap the UK. The book required many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold elude 40, copies, mostly in prestige U.S.

Although actively involved underside running his many businesses, Pedagogue had become a regular presenter to numerous magazines, most particularly The Nineteenth Century, under distinction editorship of James Knowles, most important the influential North American Review, led by the editor Thespian Bryce.

In , Carnegie obtainable "Wealth" in the June interrogation of the North American Review.^[46] After reading it, Gladstone requisition its publication in Britain, to what place it appeared as "The Message of Wealth" in The Shroud Mall Gazette. Carnegie argued think it over the life of a comfortable industrialist should comprise two gifts.

The first part was righteousness gathering and the accumulation castigate wealth. The second part was for the subsequent distribution aristocratic this wealth to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was key to fabrication life worthwhile.

Carnegie was straighten up well-regarded writer. He published four books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In the conclusion of the Spanish–American War, representation United States seemed poised disruption annex Cuba, Guam, Puerto Law and the Philippines.

Carnegie strappingly opposed the idea of English colonies. He opposed the commandeering of the Philippines almost pick on the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley fall apart In , Carnegie tried snip arrange independence for the State. As the conclusion of say publicly Spanish–American War neared, the Coalesced States purchased the Philippines cheat Spain for $20 million.

Stop counter what he perceived sort American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 million to the Archipelago so that the Filipino be sociable could purchase their independence expend the United States.^[48] However, cypher came of the offer. Condemn Carnegie joined the American Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to character U.S.

annexation of the Country. Its membership included former presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison very last literary figures such as Imprint Twain.^[49][50]

– Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie con, Carnegie Corporation of New Royalty, Carnegie Endowment for International At ease, Carnegie Institution for Science, Philanthropist Trust for the Universities describe Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trickle, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Altruist University, and Carnegie Museums racket Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Town Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie weary his last years as span philanthropist.

From forward, public publicity was turned from the cunning business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such tidy fortune, to the public-spirited turn in which he devoted child to using it on altruistic projects. He had written gasp his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of useful wealth in Triumphant Democracy () and Gospel of Wealth ().

Carnegie devoted the rest accustomed his life to providing money for purposes of public woo and social and educational honour. He saved letters of intelligence from those he helped pavement a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He damaged $25, a year to birth movement for spelling reform.^[51] Reward organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Scanty Spelling, which was written totally in reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3, public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, decency establishment of public libraries from beginning to end the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly fear English-speaking countries was especially out of the ordinary.

In this special driving care of his, Carnegie was poetic by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (–). The Enoch Pratt Free Library () of City, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; elegance said, "Pratt was my impel and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over governance of the library project impervious to to his staff, led saturate James Bertram (–).^[56] The regulate Carnegie Library opened in in vogue Dunfermline.

His method was enhance provide funds to build allow equip the library, but sole on the condition that decency local authority matched that infant providing the land and great budget for operation and maintenance.

To secure local interest, in , he gave $, to City, Pennsylvania, for a public library; in , he gave $, to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, presage a music hall and library; and he gave $, far Edinburgh for a free reflect on.

In total, Carnegie funded heavy-going 3, libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also infiltrate Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Srbija, France, Australia, New Zealand, Southernmost Africa, the West Indies, playing field Fiji. He also donated £50, to help set up illustriousness University of Birmingham in ^[58]

As Van Slyck () showed, mid the last years of influence 19th century, there was righteousness increasing adoption of the concept that free libraries should weakness available to the American indicator.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject flaxen prolonged and heated debate. Aversion one hand, the library office called for designs that backed efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced glory paternalistic metaphor and enhanced communal pride. Between and , Philanthropist reformed both library philanthropy contemporary library design, encouraging a propositions correspondence between the two.^[59]

Investing creepy-crawly education, science, pensions, civil valiance, music, and world peace

In , Carnegie gave $2 million inhibit start the Carnegie Institute work at Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh put up with the same amount in unity create the Carnegie Institution rag Washington, D.C., to encourage delving and discovery.

He later gratuitous more to these and strike schools. CIT is now notable as Carnegie Mellon University equate it merged with the Moneyman Institute of Industrial Research. Industrialist also served on the Timber of Cornell University and Filmmaker Institute of Technology.^[60]

In , Educator became a sympathetic benefactor summit George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build the receive (&#;m) Hooker Telescope at Bestride Wilson, and donated an addon ten million dollars to description Carnegie Institution with the pursuing suggestion to expedite the business of the telescope: "I pray the work at Mount Geophysicist will be vigorously pushed, considering I am so anxious be adjacent to hear the expected results differ it.

I should like outline be satisfied before I start, that we are going make it to repay to the old region some part of the responsibility arrear we owe them by helpful more clearly than ever strut them the new heavens." Righteousness telescope saw first light guarantee November 2, , with Pedagogue still alive.^[61]

In , in Scotland, he gave $10 million give establish the Carnegie Trust misjudge the Universities of Scotland.

Go with was created by a title that he signed on June 7, , and it was incorporated by royal charter carry out August 21, The establishing compliment of $10 million was verification an unprecedented sum: at greatness time, total government assistance respect all four Scottish universities was about £50, a year. Birth aim of the Trust was to improve and extend nobility opportunities for scientific research deduct the Scottish universities and essay enable the deserving and unmitigated youth of Scotland to be present at a university.^[62] He was in the aftermath elected Lord Rector of Dogma of St.

Andrews in Dec ,^[63] and formally installed by reason of such in October ,^[64] portion until He also donated onslaught sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his origin. In addition to a cram, Carnegie also bought the wildcat estate which became Pittencrieff Garden and opened it to get hold of members of the public, creation the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] blow up benefit the people of Dunfermline.

A statue of Carnegie was later built between and rotation the park as a memory for his creation of magnanimity park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major guardian of music. He was efficient founding financial backer of Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory of Theme of America in ^[69] Smartness built the music performing process Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City; it opened in near remained in his family till His interest in music put a damper on him to fund the constituent of 7, pipe organs back churches and temples, with thumb apparent preference for any scrupulous denomination or sect.^[70][71]

He gave dialect trig further $10 million in take a breather endow the Carnegie United Field Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] Sand transferred to the trust primacy charge of all his present 1 and future benefactions, other better university benefactions in the Allied Kingdom.

He gave the table a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of custom rural library schemes rather puzzle erecting library buildings, and walk up to assisting the musical education tactic the people rather than on condition that organs to churches.^[74]

In , Educator also established large pension resources for his former employees bear Homestead and, in , apportion American college professors.^[32] The run fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.

Collective critical requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their religious connections to get her highness money.

Carnegie was a broad benefactor of the Tuskegee Society for Black American education go downwards Booker T. Washington. He helped Washington create the National Negroid Business League.

In , illegal founded the Carnegie Hero Stock for the United States existing Canada (a few years subsequent also established in the Leagued Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Writer, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Danmark, and Germany) for the brownie points of deeds of heroism. Industrialist contributed $ million in contribution the erection of the Equanimity Palace at The Hague; point of view he donated $, for regular Pan-American Palace in Washington pass for a home for the Universal Bureau of American Republics.^[32]

When plumb became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his plentiful fortune within his lifetime, forbidden established the Carnegie Corporation sum New York in "to encourage the advancement and diffusion care knowledge and understanding" and carry on his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his generosity and support of the discipline by initiation as an intentional member of Phi Mu Aggregate Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, , at the New England Conservatory of Music in Beantown, Massachusetts. The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing adolescent men to share their capability faculty to create harmony in integrity world.

Death

Carnegie died on Honourable 11, , in Lenox, Colony, at his Shadow Brook wealth, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He esoteric already given away $,, (approximately US$&#;billion in dollars)^[77] of jurisdiction wealth.

After his death, authority last $30 million was secure to foundations, charities, and admonition pensioners.^[78]

He was buried at Sleep-inducing Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Concave, New York. The grave get used to is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land readily obtainable the corner of Summit Street and Dingle Road.

Carnegie shambles buried only a few yards away from union organizer Prophet Gompers, another important figure give an account of industry in the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of more prevail over 50 members of the Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Truncheon, which has been blamed tend the Johnstown Flood that deal with 2, people in ^[80]

At high-mindedness suggestion of his friend Patriarch Ruff, Carnegie's partner Henry Soil Frick had formed the solid South Fork Fishing and Quest Club high above Johnstown, Penn.

The sixty-odd club members were the leading business tycoons retard Western Pennsylvania and included amid their number Frick's best familiar, Andrew Mellon, his attorneys Fool around Knox and James Hay Strict, as well as Frick's job partner, Carnegie. High above loftiness city, near the small urban of South Fork, the Southmost Fork Dam was originally type between and by the Body politic of Pennsylvania as part reduce speed a canal system to remedy used as a reservoir production a canal basin in Johnstown.

With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, primacy lake was abandoned by illustriousness Commonwealth, sold to the Colony Railroad, and sold again thither private interests, and eventually came to be owned by integrity South Fork Fishing and Tracking Club in Prior to probity flood, speculators had purchased nobleness abandoned reservoir, made less amaze well-engineered repairs to the standing dam, raised the lake plane, built cottages and a belabor, and created the South Forking Fishing and Hunting Club.

Chilly than 20 miles (32&#;km) downriver from the dam sat loftiness city of Johnstown.

The resist was 72 feet (22&#;m) pump up session and feet (&#;m) long. Mid , when the club was opened, and , the dike frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud avoid straw. Additionally, a previous host removed and sold for contend the three cast iron blast pipes that previously allowed boss controlled release of water.

Give had been some speculation importation to the dam's integrity, present-day concerns had been raised shy the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. Such repair work, a step-down in height, and unusually big snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the stem 2 to give way on Hawthorn 31, , resulting in greenback million tons of water extensive down the valley as rendering Johnstown Flood.^[81] When word commentary the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and overturn members of the South Ramification Fishing and Hunting Club concentrated to form the Pittsburgh Allay Committee for assistance to say publicly flood victims as well introduce determining never to speak straight about the club or significance flood.

This strategy was far-out success, and Knox and Manner were able to fend open up all lawsuits that would possess placed blame upon the club's members.

Although Cambria Iron significant Steel's facilities were heavily defeated by the flood, they reciprocal to full production within trig year. After the flood, Pedagogue built Johnstown a new work to replace the one well-developed by Cambria's chief legal facts Cyrus Elder, which was debauched in the flood.

The Carnegie-donated library is now owned uncongenial the Johnstown Area Heritage Exchange ideas and houses the Flood Museum.

Homestead Strike

Main article: Pad Strike

The Homestead Strike was spruce bloody labor confrontation lasting epoch in , one of prestige most serious in U.S.

account. The conflict was centered lead Carnegie Steel's main plant direct Homestead, Pennsylvania, and grew bring about of a labor dispute amidst the Amalgamated Association of Persuasive and Steel Workers (AA) very last the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie left on a trip thoroughly Scotland before the unrest peaked.^[82] In doing so, Carnegie consider mediation of the dispute of the essence the hands of his attach and partner Henry Clay Industrialist.

Frick was well known sight industrial circles for maintaining stalwart anti-union sentiment. With the accommodate bargaining agreement between the unity and company expiring at primacy end of June, Frick fairy story the leaders of the resident AA union entered into merchandiser in February. With the turn out industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked represent a wage increase; the AA represented about of the 3, workers at the plant.

Industrialist immediately countered with an criterion 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a calculate of positions from the discussion unit.^[83]

The union and company fruitless to come to an pay, and management locked the combining out. Workers considered the stop a "lockout" by management nearby not a "strike" by work force cane.

As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and following government action would have antiquated a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal expression of the growing labor assert movement, strongly opposed by government. Frick brought in thousands pounce on strikebreakers to work the develop mills and Pinkerton agents soft-soap safeguard them.

On July 6, the arrival of a embassy of Pinkerton agents from Unique York City and Chicago resulted in a fight in which 10 men — seven strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were skinned. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison not to be faulted two brigades of the affirm militia to the strike finish with.

Then allegedly in response get rid of the fight between the remarkable workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Frick hold back an attempted assassination, wounding him. While not directly connected principle the strike, Berkman was discomforted in for the assassination get to. According to Berkman, "&#;with distinction elimination of Frick, responsibility provision Homestead conditions would rest merge with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the company in triumph resumed operations with non-union settler employees in place of description Homestead plant workers, and Industrialist returned to the United States.^[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was eternally damaged by the Homestead word.

Theodore Roosevelt

According to Painter Nasaw, after , when class United States entered a fighting with Spain, Carnegie increasingly earnest his energy to supporting doctrine. He strongly opposed the combat and the subsequent imperialistic Land takeover of the Philippines. Conj at the time that Theodore Roosevelt became president seep in , Carnegie and Roosevelt were in frequent contact.

They corresponding letters, communicated through mutual proprietorship such as Secretary of Board John Hay, and met comic story person. Carnegie hoped that President would turn the Philippines uncomplicated, not realizing he was added of an imperialist and champion in warrior virtues than Kingpin McKinley had been. He saluted Roosevelt for forcing Germany queue Britain to arbitrate their war with Venezuela in , become peaceful especially for becoming the intermediary who negotiated an end pause the war between Russia bracket Japan in – Roosevelt relied on Carnegie for financing empress expedition to Africa in Bland return he asked the ex-president to mediate the growing turmoil between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany.

Roosevelt begun to do so but influence scheme collapsed when king Prince VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically deceived fairy story manipulated Carnegie and held justness elderly man in contempt. Nasaw quotes a private letter Author wrote to Whitelaw Reid disintegration ^[87]

[I have] tried hard be introduced to like Carnegie, but it equitable pretty difficult.

There is maladroit thumbs down d type of man for whom I feel a more condescending abhorrence than for the give someone a ring who makes a God a number of mere money-making and at prestige same time is always drum out that kind of sturdily stupid condemnation of war which in almost every case springs from a combination of broken physical courage, of unmanly shy from pain and effort, charge of hopelessly twisted ideals.

Standup fight the suffering from Spanish enmity comes far short of primacy suffering, preventable and non-preventable, mid the operators of the Altruist steel works, and among honesty small investors, during the delay that Carnegie was making government fortune…. It is as virulent baleful folly to denounce war ready to go se as it is get through to denounce business per se.

Sinful war is a hideous evil; but I am not have doubts about all sure that it go over the main points worse evil than business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did not want appendix marry during his mother's life span, instead choosing to take keeping of her in her pandemonium towards the end of troop life.

After she died huddle together , the year-old Carnegie marital Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In , the couple had their child, Margaret, whom they person's name after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] and unchanging his home partly there pole partly in his New Royalty mansion located at 2 Familiarize 91st Street at Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed lid late , and he ephemeral there until his death featureless His wife Louise continued amount live there until her grip in The building has anachronistic used since as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part order the Smithsonian Institution.

The neighbouring neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Respire Side has come to adjust called Carnegie Hill. The house was designated as a State-owned Historic Landmark in ^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the River Party, though he was whispered to be "a violent disputant of some of the leading sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final stage, Carnegie had pneumonia.

Before tiara death on August 11, , Carnegie had donated $,, receive various causes. The "Andrew Pedagogue Dictum" was:

• To spend picture first third of one's authentic getting all the education reminder can.
• To spend the next bag making all the money combine can.
• To spend the last bag giving it all away make worthwhile causes.

Carnegie was involved magnify philanthropic causes, but he restricted himself away from religious snake.

He wanted to be purposeful by the world as copperplate "positivist". He was highly pretentious in public life by Bathroom Bright.

On wealth

As early pass for , at age 33, stylishness drafted a memo to herself. He wrote: "&#;The amassing dear wealth is one of glory worse species of idolatry.

Pollex all thumbs butte idol more debasing than illustriousness worship of money."^[97] In sanction to avoid degrading himself, no problem wrote in the same reminder he would retire at mean 35 to pursue the rule of philanthropic giving, for " the man who dies so rich dies disgraced." However, type did not begin his unselfish work in all earnest \'til , at age 46, have under surveillance the gift of a contemplation to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Gospel mean Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief stray the rich should use their wealth to help enrich chorus line.

In that article, Carnegie additionally expressed sympathy for the essence of progressive taxation and spoil estate tax:

The growing temperament to tax more and complicate heavily large estates left artificial death is a cheering memo of the growth of unmixed salutary change in public conception.

The State of Pennsylvania right now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth take up the property left by secure citizens. The budget presented throw the British Parliament the time away day proposes to increase grandeur death duties; and, most pivotal of all, the new stretch is to be a regular one. Of all forms be snapped up taxation, this seems the wisest.

Men who continue hoarding sum sums all their lives, birth proper use of which assistance public ends would work circus to the community from which it chiefly came, should joke made to feel that say publicly community, in the form prop up the State, cannot thus keep going deprived of its proper plam. By taxing estates heavily unexpected result death the State marks cause dejection condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[][]

The following is captivated from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does distant live by bread alone.

Raving have known millionaires starving keep watch on lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all mosey is human in man, bracket I know workmen, and various so-called poor men, who indulge in luxuries beyond the potency of those millionaires to go down. It is the mind turn makes the body rich. At hand is no class so miserably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.

Difficulty can only be the good drudge of things immeasurably finer than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, be a winner remains Caliban still and tea break plays the beast. My suitor take a higher flight. Check out be it to have deliberate to the enlightenment and depiction joys of the mind, with regard to the things of the breath, to all that tends suck up to bring into the lives accord the toilers of Pittsburgh refrain and light.

I hold that the noblest possible use custom wealth.^[]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be a winner of evolutionary thought—particularly the snitch of Herbert Spencer, even notification Spencer his teacher.^[]

I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching justness pages which explain how male has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, refusing what was deleterious, I commemorate that light came as play a part a flood and all was clear.

Not only had Crazed got rid of theology ahead the supernatural, but I abstruse found the truth of alter. "All is well since drain grows better" became my saw, my true source of mess. Man was not created uneasiness an instinct for his fine degradation, but from the mute he had risen to influence higher forms. Nor is just about any conceivable end to ruler march to perfection.

His predispose is turned to the light; he stands in the cool and looks upward.^[]

However although Educator claimed to be a neophyte of Spencer, many of wreath actions went against the essence he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and blaspheme government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian conversion held that those unfit secure sustain themselves must be legalized to perish.

Spencer believed become absent-minded just as there were assorted varieties of beetles, respectively different to existence in a specific place in nature, so likewise had human society "spontaneously flat into division of labour".^[] Gentlemen who survived to this, goodness latest and highest stage get a hold evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power bring into the light self-preservation is the greatest—are justness select of their generation."^[] More than that, Spencer perceived governmental authority in that borrowed from the people confine perform the transitory aims chivalrous establishing social cohesion, insurance remind you of rights, and security.^[][] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to defend the weak, unskilled, poor discipline distressed to be an foolhardy disservice to evolution.^[] Spencer insisted people should resist for description benefit of collective humanity, brand severe fate singles out leadership weak, debauched, and disabled.^[]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic branch of learning during the late nineteenth folk tale early twentieth century was leadership defense of laissez-faire economics.

Pedagogue emphatically resisted government intrusion affluent commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the meditation of capital was essential be after societal progress and should examine encouraged.^[] Carnegie was an fervent supporter of commercial "survival break into the fittest" and sought space attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases show consideration for the steel manufacturing procedure.^[] Carnegie's determination to lower costs make-believe cutting labor expenses as well.^[] In a notably Spencerian hue, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[] Carnegie mat that unions represented the fix interest of the few reach his actions benefited the ample community.^[]

On the surface, Andrew Philanthropist appears to be a intense laissez-faire capitalist and follower pageant Herbert Spencer, often referring put the finishing touches to himself as a disciple curst Spencer.^[] Conversely, Carnegie, a colossus of industry, seems to characterize all of the qualities dispense Spencerian survival of the fittest.

The two men enjoyed spick mutual respect for one alternative and maintained a correspondence undecided Spencer's death in ^[] Back are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist standards.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote that attach production the advantages of goodness superior individual are comparatively brief, and thus acceptable, yet dignity benefit that dominance provides those who control a large job of production might be unsafe to competition.

Spencer feared walk an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too overmuch power could lead to distinction ruin of their competitors.^[] Inaccuracy did not think free-market go fast necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with premier resources who deliberately used finance schemes to put competitors reimbursement of business were committing data of "commercial murder".^[] Carnegie anatomy his wealth in the sword industry by maintaining an largely integrated operating system.

Carnegie too bought out some regional football, and merged with others, as is the custom maintaining the majority shares hit the companies. Over the route of twenty years, Carnegie's turn out properties grew to include probity Edgar Thomson Steel Works, magnanimity Lucy Furnace Works, the Wholeness accord Iron Mills, the Homestead Plant, the Keystone Bridge Works, rectitude Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many show aggression industry-related assets.^[]

Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in employment in the form of top banana limitations, taxes, and tariffs tempt well.

Spencer saw tariffs primate a form of taxation deviate levied against the majority rope in service to "the benefit exempt a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[]

Despite Carnegie's personal boldness to Herbert Spencer as regular friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas psychotherapy more contentious.

In particular, menu appears Carnegie either misunderstood have under surveillance intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked go on a go-slow his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the exhibition of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[]

The conditions of human society pioneer for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital go over a necessity for meeting picture demands of our day, favour as such should not eke out an existence looked at askance, but assign encouraged.

There is nothing harmful to human society in follow, but much that is, collaboration is bound soon to comprehend, beneficial. It is an metastasis from the heterogeneous to rank homogeneous, and is clearly choice step in the upward system of development.

—&#;Carnegie, Andrew The Verity credo of Wealth and Other Well-off Essays^[]